Sources, coverage and research limits

What this section covers—and what it does not

The library contains 48 condition/problem guides, with crop reading paths, photographs, lookalike comparisons, investigation and prevention. It covers major button and oyster problems plus milky, paddy straw, shiitake and selected specialty crops.

It is not “every organism ever reported on a mushroom”. Pathogen names change, regional reports differ and new organisms are described. The weaker evidence for some specialty crops is disclosed rather than filled with invented certainty.

• Established disease: repeated literature and institutional guidance support the condition, but a local diagnosis still needs evidence.
• Regional or experimental host report: applies to the study’s host, strain and conditions; it does not establish Indian prevalence.
• Generic differential: a useful process or safety question, not proof of pathogenicity on every crop in the filter.
• Historical register: retained to help readers interpret old names; not a current chemical-use instruction.

This new section has not yet received a recorded independent review from DMR, a named scientist or a diagnostic laboratory. Site partner branding does not mean every new sentence has been institutionally approved.

Older names you may meet in manuals

This compact register prevents less-common competitors from disappearing behind the major diseases. It is an identification aid, not a treatment table.

Sources: DMR historical manual and morel taxonomic revision. Minor isolates need stronger host-specific evidence before they receive a definitive disease label here.

Image rights and authenticity

Gea et al. (2021) crop photographs and Huang et al. (2024) bacterial-blotch photograph retain the site’s existing CC BY attribution. Okorley et al. (2019), Wang et al. (2016), Hu et al. (2022), Ye et al. (2023), Zhu et al. (2023) and Wang et al. (2024) figures are reproduced under Creative Commons Attribution with original-source links beside each image. Conversion to WebP changes delivery format, not symptoms. Existing cropped panels disclose the crop; the four added oyster-virus, wood-ear and morel figures retain their full panels.

DMR manual images and non-commercial-only research figures were not copied. Generated teaching scenes are visibly labelled and are never substituted for a disease-confirmation photograph. The observation plates are conceptual drawings, not laboratory evidence, specimen-identification keys or certified technical plans.

The older research and extension sources remain valuable for biology, but their dates and limitations are shown below. A recent access date does not make an old pesticide recommendation current.

Gaps that require specialist follow-up

• Current district/state-level disease incidence and losses in India.
• Independent pathology review of the new synthesis and farmer usability testing.
• Locally accepted sampling, disposal and current registered crop-protection protocols.
• More licensed, well-diagnosed photographs of pests, viruses, milky/paddy-straw conditions and specialty-crop diseases.
• Rare or emerging pathogens, host synonyms and reports available only as an abstract or bibliographic record.

To suggest an addition, provide crop species, location, a primary publication or a laboratory-confirmed record, and permission for any photograph. Send a correction or evidence request →. Do not send personal medical records or publish another farm’s identity without permission.

The research register

48 records. Each states how it is used and where its conclusions stop.

1. Diseases and Competitor Moulds of Mushrooms and their Management ↗

   ICAR–National Research Centre for Mushroom, Solan (now DMR) · 2007

   Used for: Historical Indian register of competitor names and abiotic disorders; printed pages 2–43 and 65–69.

   Limit: Older names and treatments. Used as a coverage checklist, not a current pesticide label or an image-reuse licence.

2. FAQs on insect-pests and diseases ↗

   ICAR–DMR Solan · Undated

   Used for: Indian pest groups, farm hygiene and observation questions.

   Limit: Historical chemical advice is not reproduced. Identification and management depend on the crop and organism.

3. Services available ↗

   ICAR–DMR Solan · Site update 1 September 2026

   Used for: Lists insect, pest and disease identification and compost/casing testing.

   Limit: Confirm sample acceptance, charges, contact person and transport instructions directly before sending anything.

4. Cultivation Technology of Paddy Straw Mushroom ↗

   ICAR–DMR Solan · Historical technical bulletin

   Used for: Volvariella cultivation, competitors and crop-specific handling.

   Limit: Do not transfer button-mushroom climate, cold-storage or chemical recipes to this warm-growing species.

5. Status of Yellow Mould Diseases of White Button Mushroom in Haryana and Its Management ↗

   Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology; ICAR–DMR authors · 2019

   Used for: Research abstract identifies Myceliophthora and Sepedonium organisms in seasonal button production.

   Limit: Abstract reviewed, not the full study. Experimental crop losses are not predictions for a reader’s farm; no chemistry adopted.

6. Biology and management of false truffle during cultivation of Agaricus spp. ↗

   Mushroom Research / ICAR journal platform · 1998 issue; digitised 2015

   Used for: Historical Indian research record for Diehliomyces in Agaricus cultivation.

   Limit: Bibliographic record only; operational management is not inferred from an inaccessible abstract.

7. Control of Fungal Diseases in Mushroom Crops while Dealing with Fungicide Resistance: A Review ↗

   Gea et al., Microorganisms 9:585 · 2021

   Used for: Dry bubble, wet bubble, cobweb and green mould; Figure 1 reference photographs.

   Limit: Review, not a local diagnosis. Fungicide approvals and resistance vary by country. Photographs retained with CC BY attribution.

8. Fungal diseases in mushrooms: dry bubble disease ↗

   AHDB archive · Undated archived guidance

   Used for: Symptom forms, handling risks and containment principles.

   Limit: Archived UK guidance; not current Indian product authorisation.

9. Fungal diseases in mushrooms: wet bubble disease ↗

   AHDB archive · Undated archived guidance

   Used for: Bubble recognition and distinction from dry bubble.

   Limit: Removal advice requires correct identification and a trained supervisor; UK treatment labels are not transferable.

10. Fungal diseases in mushrooms: cobweb disease ↗

    AHDB archive · Undated archived guidance

    Used for: Spore dispersal and careful containment.

    Limit: Historical extension guidance; no universal spray recipe is supplied.

11. Green Mold of Mushrooms ↗

    Penn State Extension · Updated 23 December 2025

    Used for: Green mould in commercial Agaricus production.

    Limit: US production context. Green colour does not identify Trichoderma species.

12. Bacterial Blotch Disease ↗

    Penn State Extension · Updated 23 December 2025

    Used for: Wet caps, condensation, symptom patterns and prevention.

    Limit: Foreign water-treatment or crop-protection rates are not Indian recommendations.

13. Basic IPM: Bacterial and Viral Diseases of Mushrooms ↗

    Penn State Extension · 8 July 2021

    Used for: Mummy and La France recognition and exclusion.

    Limit: Symptoms overlap with stress. Broad historical bacterial attribution does not establish a unique mummy pathogen.

14. Basic IPM: Syzygites Disease on the Agaricus Mushroom ↗

    Penn State Extension · 8 July 2021

    Used for: Hairlike growth, cap damage and postharvest occurrence.

    Limit: Do not identify Syzygites from a fuzzy photograph alone.

15. Basic IPM: What is Integrated Pest Management? ↗

    Penn State Extension · 8 July 2021

    Used for: Monitoring, identification, prevention and evaluation.

    Limit: US organic approvals and economic thresholds do not automatically apply in India.

16. IPM in Mushroom Production: Exclusion Techniques for Pest Control ↗

    Penn State Extension · Undated page

    Used for: Separation of clean and older crops, tools and material routes.

    Limit: Adapt the workflow to actual building, worker safety and ventilation needs.

17. Sciarid Fly in Commercial Mushroom Production ↗

    Penn State Extension · Undated page

    Used for: Larval feeding, adult transport and monitoring clues.

    Limit: Life-cycle timing and pest species differ with conditions; no universal trap threshold is supplied.

18. Using Beneficial Nematodes to Control Phorid Flies on Mushroom Farms ↗

    Penn State Extension · 19 March 2026

    Used for: New field research distinguishes S. carpocapsae against phorids from S. feltiae against sciarids.

    Limit: US trials, not a validated Indian application protocol, product approval or guaranteed result.

19. Integrated disease and pest control in Irish mushroom tunnels ↗

    Teagasc · Historical report, pre-2005 pesticide context

    Used for: Functional distinctions among flies, pepper mites, predators and eelworms.

    Limit: Old pesticide registrations are obsolete as operational guidance. Use for biology, not dosing.

20. Genetically Closely Related but Phenotypically Divergent Trichoderma Species Cause Green Mold Disease in Oyster Mushroom Farms Worldwide ↗

    Komon-Zelazowska et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology · 2007

    Used for: Molecular distinction of oyster-associated green-mould taxa from the Agaricus epidemic organism.

    Limit: Historical nomenclature includes T. pleurotum; current papers commonly use T. pleuroti. A green patch is not species confirmation.

21. Molecular Approaches for Detection of Trichoderma Green Mold Disease in Edible Mushroom Production ↗

    Biology · 2023

    Used for: Detection limits and reported hosts including milky, paddy straw and Ganoderma.

    Limit: Host reports do not show prevalence in every Indian region; molecular identification needs qualified interpretation.

22. Resistance Sources to Brown Blotch Disease in a Diverse Collection of Pleurotus Mushroom Strains ↗

    Okorley et al., Pathogens 8:227 · 2019

    Used for: Experimental inoculation and strain-dependent responses; Figure 1 infected and control fruit bodies.

    Limit: Controlled challenge photographs are not natural farm incidence or proof of immunity. CC BY 4.0.

23. Diversity and effect of Trichoderma spp. associated with green mold disease on Lentinula edodes in China ↗

    Wang et al., MicrobiologyOpen · 2016

    Used for: Shiitake block symptoms and multiple identified Trichoderma taxa; Figure 1.

    Limit: Chinese isolates; pH/temperature manipulation is not established as a curative treatment. CC BY.

24. Characterization of Species of Cladobotryum which Cause Cobweb Disease in Edible Mushrooms Grown in Korea ↗

    Mycobiology · 2012

    Used for: Button, king oyster, enoki and shimeji isolates and host-dependent pathogenicity.

    Limit: A Korean study, not an all-host or India-wide prevalence estimate. No figures copied under its non-commercial licence.

25. Isolation of Fungal Pathogens to an Edible Mushroom, Pleurotus eryngii, and Development of Specific ITS Primers ↗

    Mycobiology · 2013

    Used for: Bottle contamination, competing fungal growth and failure of primordia.

    Limit: Selected Korean farms; association and identification are not universal proof of causation for every isolate.

26. Molecular characterization of Pseudomonas from Agaricus bisporus caps reveal novel blotch pathogens in Western Europe ↗

    Research article indexed in PubMed · 2020

    Used for: Blotch can involve several Pseudomonas species; molecular and pathogenicity testing.

    Limit: Abstract and figure captions reviewed. Cap colour cannot distinguish the organisms.

27. Genomic Characterisation of Mushroom Pathogenic Pseudomonads and Their Interaction with Bacteriophages ↗

    Research article, PMC · 2020

    Used for: P. agarici gill disease and P. tolaasii blotch distinctions.

    Limit: Experimental phage results are not a farm treatment protocol.

28. Occurrence of Internal Stipe Necrosis of Cultivated Mushrooms Caused by Ewingella americana in Korea ↗

    Mycobiology · 2009

    Used for: Internal browning confirmed by isolation and pathogenicity tests.

    Limit: A country-specific report; external appearance can miss internal damage. No figures reused under its restricted licence.

29. Bioactive and Structural Metabolites of Pseudomonas and Burkholderia Species Causal Agents of Cultivated Mushrooms Diseases ↗

    Research review, PMC · 2008

    Used for: Bacterial soft rot and yellowing; Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola in Agaricus bitorquis.

    Limit: Research taxonomy and mechanism, not evidence that all soft rot is this organism.

30. Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis during Multiple Viral Infections in Agaricus bisporus ↗

    mBio · 2021

    Used for: Multiple viruses, cap colour and the difference between detection and disease.

    Limit: Virus abundance and interactions require molecular evidence. A positive result alone is not a crop-loss forecast.

31. Viral Agents Causing Brown Cap Mushroom Disease of Agaricus bisporus ↗

    Applied and Environmental Microbiology · 2015

    Used for: Brown-cap disease in white Agaricus strains, distinct from La France.

    Limit: Not all browning is viral and symptom-free mushrooms can occur beside affected ones.

32. Preliminary Studies on the Effects of Oyster Mushroom Spherical Virus China Strain on the Mycelial Growth and Fruiting Body Yield of the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus ↗

    Biology · 2022

    Used for: OMSV-associated malformation and reduced growth in a tested P. ostreatus strain.

    Limit: Preliminary, strain-specific work. Laboratory virus curing is not a DIY crop treatment.

33. Oyster Mushroom Spherical Virus Crosses the Species Barrier and Is Pathogenic to a New Host Pleurotus pulmonarius ↗

    Viruses · 2023

    Used for: Experimental transmission to P. pulmonarius, not every tested Pleurotus species.

    Limit: Do not generalise a positive study to all oyster strains.

34. Characterization of the mitochondrial genome of Scytalidium auriculariicola ↗

    Scientific Reports · 2019

    Used for: Revised identity of the slippery-scar pathogen; earlier reports used S. lignicola.

    Limit: Taxonomy has changed. A scar requires laboratory examination, not identification by colour.

35. Pathogenic invasive microbes Trichoderma pleuroticola transform microbial community diversity in Auricularia cornea production ↗

    Frontiers in Microbiology · 2023

    Used for: Auricularia cornea brown rot and confirmed pathogen in the study.

    Limit: Do not extend one host’s diagnosis to all wood-ear species. CC BY; experimental and natural panels must be distinguished.

36. Slime molds (Myxomycetes) causing a disease in crop plants and cultivated mushrooms ↗

    Frontiers in Plant Science · 2024

    Used for: Records across shiitake, Auricularia, Hericium, maitake and other crops.

    Limit: Review. These organisms are not true fungi; their presence is not automatically proof of parasitism.

37. Epidemic Identification of Fungal Diseases in Morchella Cultivation across China ↗

    Journal of Fungi · 2022

    Used for: Survey of diseased fruit bodies; distinguishes dominant organisms from secondary colonisers.

    Limit: Sampled Chinese sites, not an Indian disease-incidence survey.

38. Proposal of Pseudodiploösporeaceae based on phylogeny of Diploöspora longispora and Paecilomyces penicillatus ↗

    Mycological Progress · 2023

    Used for: New combinations Pseudodiploöspora and Zelopaecilomyces for morel-associated organisms.

    Limit: Names in older manuals may differ. Updated naming does not add a treatment recommendation.

39. Integrated Transcriptomics–Proteomics Analysis of Morchella sextelata to Pseudodiploöspora longispora Infection ↗

    Journal of Fungi · 2024

    Used for: White mould/pileus disease and confirmation in the tested morel system.

    Limit: Mechanistic study, not a universal field cure or chemical authorisation.

40. Isolation and identification of pathogens of Morchella sextelata bacterial disease ↗

    Frontiers in Microbiology · 2023

    Used for: Red-stipe syndrome investigation in Gansu, China.

    Limit: Country- and host-specific; redness alone is not a bacterial identification.

41. Molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic degeneration in Cordyceps militaris ↗

    Scientific Reports · 2024

    Used for: Non-fruiting and altered culture characteristics in compared strains.

    Limit: Degeneration is not synonymous with contamination or a mycovirus; no medicinal efficacy claims adopted.

42. Seven Stages of Cultivation ↗

    Cornell Small Farms · Undated guide

    Used for: Indoor cultivation stages, ventilation, moisture and crop-specific conditions.

    Limit: Environmental needs depend on species and strain; no single climate setpoint fits all crops.

43. Forcing Bolts: Common Mushroom Pests and Concerns ↗

    Cornell Small Farms · Undated guide

    Used for: Outdoor shiitake slug, beetle and wildlife observations.

    Limit: Some controls are grower anecdotes; do not introduce livestock into food-production areas on that basis.

44. Milky Mushroom ↗

    Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Agritech Portal · Undated guide

    Used for: Milky mushroom bed, casing and routine pest inspection.

    Limit: Historic product rates and promised yields are not reproduced.

45. Seeding Substrate and Management of Growing Agaricus bisporus ↗

    Penn State Extension · 23 December 2025

    Used for: Spawn run, substrate heat, moisture and mummy-risk context.

    Limit: Agaricus substrate management is not a sterilisation protocol for supplemented sawdust bags.

46. Evidence for Safety of Neurospora Species for Academic and Commercial Uses ↗

    Applied and Environmental Microbiology · 2001

    Used for: Rapid overgrowth and airborne conidia as contamination mechanisms.

    Limit: A history of safe use of identified strains does not certify an unknown orange contaminant as edible or harmless.

47. Listeria Outbreak Linked to Enoki Mushrooms — November 2022 ↗

    US CDC · Updated 30 January 2025; outbreak ended

    Used for: Human food-safety contamination, cross-contamination and cooking advice.

    Limit: Historical outbreak, not a claim that the reader’s crop or all Indian enoki are contaminated.

48. Controlling exposure to dust and bioaerosols on farms growing common commercial mushrooms ↗

    UK Health and Safety Executive / HDC · 2011

    Used for: Worker exposure controls and respiratory-risk assessment.

    Limit: Agaricus-focused occupational guidance, not diagnosis or treatment of a person.